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1.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci ; 2020 Aug; 12(8): 111-116
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-206006

ABSTRACT

Objective: The objective of the present study is the evaluation of the effect of the sublethal (40% and 60% of 48h LC50) binary combination (1:5 ratios) of molluscicides deltamethrin+MGK-264 on the endogenous levels of protein, amino acid and nucleic acid in different tissues of snail Lymnaea acuminata. Methods: The snails were treated with 1:5 mixtures of sub-lethal concentration of (40% and 60% of 48h LC50) deltamethrin+MGK-264 on the protein, amino acid and nucleic acid levels in gonadal, nervous and foot tissue of L. acuminata. In order to study the effect of withdrawal from treatment, the snails were first exposed to the above concentrations for 96h, after which they were transferred to freshwater. Water was changed every 24h for the next seven days, after which different biochemical parameters were estimated. Results: There was a significant change in the levels of protein (sublethal concentration of 60% of 48h LC50 after 96h) gonadal, nervous and foot tissues are 48.1, 12.1 and 14.5%, respectively, amino acid are 273, 234 and 252%, respectively, DNA are 25.1, 38.9 and 42.1%, respectively and RNA are 12.2, 30.7 and 30.5%, respectively. These changes were time and concentration-dependent. In the withdrawal experiment, the snails were treated for 96h to transfer in freshwater for 7 d, which caused significant recovery in all the biochemical parameters. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the high molluscicidal activity of deltamethrin+MGK-264 simultaneous decrease in the levels of proteins, DNA, RNA and increase in the level of amino acids.

2.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 34(4): 598-604, oct.-dic. 2014. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-730944

ABSTRACT

Institución donde se ejecutó el trabajo: Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, PECET, Unidad de Malacología Médica y Trematodos (UMMT), Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia Introducción. La fasciolosis es la enfermedad transmitida por vectores con mayor distribución latitudinal, longitudinal y altitudinal, debido a la capacidad colonizadora del parásito Fasciola hepatica y de sus huéspedes intermediarios, los moluscos limneidos. Estos caracoles se investigan por su importancia epidemiológica, pero su identificación taxonómica es difícil por la similitud fenotípica entre especies. En este sentido, con respecto a Lymnaea cousini , un huésped de F. hepatica en Colombia, existe incertidumbre en razón de su similitud morfológica con L. meridensis , descrita recientemente en Venezuela. Objetivo. Confirmar con el marcador del gen de la citocromo oxidasa I en el ADN mitocondrial COI (ADNmt), el estatus taxonómico de ejemplares morfológicamente caracterizados como L. cousini provenientes de Nariño, Norte de Santander y Santander (Colombia), depositados en la Colección de Moluscos Vectores de la Universidad de Antioquia, VHET N° 37. Materiales y métodos. Para la amplificación del COI mitocondrial, se extrajo ADN total del pie de cada ejemplar con el estuche DNeasy Blood and Tissue (Qiagen ® ). Los productos amplificados se enviaron a secuenciar a Macrogen Inc., Corea. Las 27 secuencias generadas en esta investigación se compararon con secuencias publicadas en el GenBank, incluidas las secuencias de la localidad tipo de L. cousini. Resultados. Se encontraron dos nuevos haplotipos de L. cousini para Colombia. Los especímenes de Nariño correspondían al haplotipo A, referenciado en Ecuador, y los especímenes de Santander y Norte de Santander, a un nuevo haplotipo al que se denominó D. Conclusión. Mediante el marcador mitocondrial del COI , se confirmó que los especímenes pertenecían a la especie L. cousini . Con el hallazgo se duplicó el número de haplotipos conocidos de la especie en Colombia y se amplió su distribución geográfica al suroeste y nordeste de la región altoandina colombiana.


Introduction: Fasciolosis is the disease transmitted by vectors with the highest latitudinal, longitudinal, and altitudinal distribution due to the colonizing capacity of the parasite Fasciola hepatica and its intermediate hosts, Lymnaeidae mollusks. These snails are under research due to their epidemiological importance, but their taxonomic identification is difficult given their interspecific phenotypical similarity. For this reason, there is uncertainty regarding Lymnaea cousini -a host of F. hepatica in Colombia- due to the morphological similarity it has with Lymnaea meridensis , recently described for Venezuela. Objective: To confirm with the COI marker (ADNmt) the taxonomic status of individuals morphologically identified as L. cousini from Nariño, Norte de Santander, and Santander (Colombia), deposited in the Vector Mollusks Collection VHET No. 37 of Universidad de Antioquia. Materials and methods: The amplification of the mitochondrial COI required total DNA extraction of each individual´s foot using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen®). Products amplified were sent for sequencing to Macrogen Inc., Korea. Twenty seven sequences generated in this research were compared to sequences published in the GenBank, including sequences of the type locality of L. cousini . Results: Two new haplotypes of L. cousini were obtained for Colombia. Specimens from Nariño correspond to haplotype A, referenced for Ecuador, and specimens from Santander and Norte de Santander belong to a new haplotype we called haplotype D. Conclusion : By using the mitochondrial COI marker, we confirmed that the species under study did correspond to L. cousini . The number of known haplotypes of the species for Colombia has been duplicated and its geographical distribution has been extended to the southwest and northeast of the Colombian high Andean region.


Subject(s)
Animals , Disease Vectors/classification , Electron Transport Complex IV/analysis , Fasciola hepatica , Lymnaea/classification , Base Sequence , Biomarkers , Colombia , DNA , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics , Haplotypes/genetics , Lymnaea/enzymology , Lymnaea/genetics , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Protein Subunits , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
3.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 56(5): 421-426, Sep-Oct/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-722317

ABSTRACT

The effect of sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50/24h) of plant derived molluscicides of singly, binary (1:1) and tertiary (1:1:1) combinations of the Rutin, Ellagic acid, Betulin and taraxerol with J. gossypifolia latex, leaf and stem bark powder extracts and their active component on the reproduction of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata have been studied. It was observed that the J. gossypifolia latex, stem bark, individual leaf and their combinations with other plant derived active molluscicidal components caused a significant reduction in fecundity, hatchability and survival of young snails. It is believed that sub-lethal exposure of these molluscicides on snail reproduction is a complex process involving more than one factor in reducing the reproductive capacity.


O efeito de doses sub-letais (40% e 80% de LC50/24h) de moluscicidas derivados de plantas com combinações unitárias, binárias (1:1) e terciárias (1:1:1) de Rutin, ácido Elágico, Betulin e taraxerol com látex da J. gossypifolia, folhas e extrato em pó de casca de caule e seus componentes ativos foram estudados na reprodução do caramujo de água fresca Lymnaea acuminata. Foi observado que o látex da J. gossypifolia, casca do caule, folhas individualmente e suas combinações com componentes moluscicidas ativos derivados de outras plantas causaram redução significante na fecundidade, incubação e sobrevivência dos caramujos jovens. Acredita-se que a exposição sub-letal destes moluscicidas sobre a reprodução dos caramujos é processo complexo envolvendo mais de um fator na redução da capacidade reprodutiva.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Jatropha/chemistry , Lymnaea/drug effects , Molluscacides/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Molluscacides/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Reproduction/drug effects
4.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-155343

ABSTRACT

Background & objectives: Indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides has created serious problem for the aquatic flora and fauna, and also resulted in appearance of pesticide resistance in vector population. This study was designed to evaluate the biocontrol efficacy of aqueous and solvent extracts of mature leaves of Solanum nigrum L., against fresh water snail Lymnaea acuminata f. rufescens (Gray) (an intermediate host of parasites causing fasciolopsiasis) and larvae of Culex vishnui group (Reuben) (vector of Japanese encephalitis). Methods: Aqueous and solvent extracts of fresh, mature, green/shed dried leaves of S. nigrum were tested against adult L. acuminata and larvae of Cx. vishnui group. The lethal concentration was determined and the appropriate lethal concentration at 24 h of benzene extract was also studied on non target organisms such as Daphnia sp, Diplonychus annulatum and Chironomus circumdatus. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out in search of active ingredient and the chemical nature of the active substance was also evaluated by infrared (IR) analysis. Results: In a 72 h bioassay experiment with the aqueous extract, the highest mortality was recorded in 0.5 and 3 per cent extract against larvae of Cx. vishnui group and L. acuminata, respectivela. In the benzene solvent extract, the maximum mortality was recorded at a concentration of 150 ppm against L. acuminata and at 50 ppm against larvae of Cx. vishnui group with LC50 values of 55.45 and 11.59 ppm, respectively at 72 h. The log probit analysis (95% confidence level) recorded lowest value at 72 h of exposure. Qualitative phytochemical analysis reported the presence of some biochemical compounds, such as saponin, flavonoids, steroid and tannin. Among these, the toxic compound was detected by IR analysis having Rf = 0.87 (showed 66.70% and 76.70% mortality of L. acuminata and larvae of Cx. vishnui group, respectively). IR analysis provided preliminary information about the aliphatic amide nature of the active ingredient. Interpretation & conclusions: The study results provide considerable scope in exploiting local indigenous plant resources for molluscicidal and mosquito larvicidal activities.

5.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 23(1): 23-29, Jan-Mar/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-707197

ABSTRACT

The geographical distribution and factors associated with bovine fasciolosis in the south of Espírito Santo were updated and the prevalences of this disease and of snails of the genus Lymnaea in the municipality of Jerônimo Monteiro were calculated. In the first stage, fecal samples were collected from 10% of the herds of 115 farms in 23 municipalities and interviews were conducted with owners. Generalized linear mixed models were used. In the second stage, in Jerônimo Monteiro municipality, feces and mollusks were collected from all farms registered in the milk cooperatives in the region. The mollusks were identified and examined for infection by Fasciola hepatica. Fasciolosis was diagnosed in 18 (78%) of the 23 municipalities. Of the 1157 fecal samples examined, 19.01% were positive for eggs of F. hepatica. The final model shows statistical evidence of associations between positive farms and previous cases of fasciolosis and concomitant grazing of cattle with other definitive hosts. In the evaluated farms from the studied municipality the prevalence of fasciolosis and Lymnaea was of 66.7% and 23.8%, respectively. Mollusks were found in flooded areas and the animals' drinking water troughs. The wide geographical distribution of bovine fasciolosis in the south of Espírito Santo requires control measures to prevent its expansion towards the north of this state and other places characterized as F. hepatica free-infection.


Realizou-se um estudo atualizado da distribuição geográfica e dos fatores associados à fasciolose bovina, no Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo, e calculadas a prevalência de moluscos do gênero Lymnaea no município de Jerônimo Monteiro. Na primeira etapa, coletaram-se amostras fecais de 10% dos rebanhos de 115 propriedades, em 23 municípios, e realizaram-se entrevistas com os proprietários. Modelos lineares generalizados mistos foram utilizados. Na segunda etapa, em Jerônimo Monteiro, coletaram-se fezes e moluscos em todas as propriedades cadastradas nas cooperativas de leite da região. Os moluscos foram identificados e examinados quanto à infecção por Fasciola hepatica. A fasciolose foi diagnosticada em 18 (78%) dos 23 municípios. Das 1157 amostras fecais examinadas, 19,01% foram positivas para ovos de F. hepatica. O modelo final mostra, concomitantemente, evidências estatísticas de associação entre propriedades positivas e casos anteriores de fasciolose e de pastoreio de bovinos com outros hospedeiros definitivos. Em Jerônimo Monteiro, a prevalência de fasciolose foi 66,7% e de Lymnaea 23,8%. Moluscos foram encontrados em áreas alagadas e em bebedouros dos animais. A ampla distribuição geográfica da fasciolose bovina, no Sul do Espírito Santo, requer medidas de controle que evitem sua expansão em direção ao Norte do Estado.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Cattle Diseases/parasitology , Fascioliasis/veterinary , Brazil/epidemiology , Fascioliasis/epidemiology , Lymnaea , Prevalence , Risk Factors
6.
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine ; (12): 584-588, 2014.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-672714

ABSTRACT

Objective:To test whether the larvicidal activity of citral against Fasciola varies by season. Methods:Mortality of Fasciola larva in different month of year (2011-2012) in in vitro and in vivo condition were observed at 2 h, 4 h, 6 h and 8 h exposure of citral. Results:In vitro toxicity of citral against redia was highest in between the June to August (8 h LC50: 2.58-2.62 mg/L), whereas against cercaria 8 h LC50 was in between 3.44-2.62 mg/L. Highest in vivo toxicity against redia was noted in between June to August (8h LC50: 4.20-5.09 mg/L). The lowest toxicity was observed from November to April. The highest temperature, free carbon dioxide, and lowest pH, dissolved oxygen were observed from June to August. Conclusions:The present study conclusively shows that varying a biotic factor can significantly alter the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of citral against sporocyst redia and cercaria larva.

7.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 55(5): 303-308, Sep-Oct/2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-685558

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY A food-borne trematode infection fascioliasis is one among common public health problems worldwide. It caused a great economic loss for the human race. Control of snail population below a certain threshold level is one of the important methods in the campaign to reduce the incidence of fascioliasis. The life cycle of the parasite can be interrupted by killing the snail or Fasciola larva redia and cercaria inside of the snail Lymnaea acuminata. In vitro toxicity of different binary combinations (1:1 ratio) of plant-derived larvicidal active components such as citral, ferulic acid, umbelliferone, azadirachtin and allicin against Fasciola redia and cercaria were tested. The mortality of larvae was observed at 2h, 4h, 6h and 8h of treatment. In in vitro condition azadirachtin + allicin (1:1 ratio) was highly toxic against redia and cercaria (8h LC50 0.006 and 0.005 mg/L). Toxicity of citral + ferulic acid was lowest against redia and cercaria larvae. .


RESUMO A infecção alimentar pelo trematóide da fasciolíase é uma dentre os mais comuns problemas de saúde pública mundiais, causando grande prejuízo econômico para a humanidade. Controle da população de caramujos abaixo de determinado nível é um dos métodos no campo mais importantes para a redução da incidência da fasciolíase. O ciclo de vida do parasita pode ser interrompido pela morte do caramujo ou da larva redia e cercária da Fasciola dentro da Lymnaea acuminata. Foi testada a toxicidade in vitro das diferentes combinações binárias (relação 1:1) entre os vários componentes larvicidas ativos da planta tais como citral, ácido ferúlico, umbeliferone, azadiractina, e alicina contra a Fasciola redia e a cercária. A mortalidade das larvas foi observada após duas, quatro, seis e oito horas de tratamento. A condição in vitro azadiractina + alicina (relação 1:1) foi altamente tóxica contra redia e cercária (8h LC50 0,006 e 0,005 mg/L). Toxicidade do citral + ácido ferúlico foi a mais baixa contra redia e larvas de cercária. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Fasciola hepatica/drug effects , Lymnaea/parasitology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Disease Vectors , Fascioliasis/prevention & control , Larva/drug effects , Time Factors
8.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 55(4): 251-259, Jul-Aug/2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-679537

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY The molluscicidal activity of the leaf powder of Moringa oleifera and lyophilized fruit powder of Momordica charantia against the snail Lymnaea acuminata was time and concentration dependent. M. oleifera leaf powder (96 h LC50: 197.59 ppm) was more toxic than M. charantia lyophilized fruit powder (96 h LC50: 318.29 ppm). The ethanolic extracts of M. oleifera leaf powder and Momordica charantia lyophilized fruit powder were more toxic than other organic solvent extracts. The 96 h LC50 of the column purified fraction of M. oleifera leaf powder was 22.52 ppm, while that of M. charantia lyophilized fruit powder was 6.21 ppm. Column, thin layer and high performance liquid chromatography analysis show that the active molluscicidal components in M. oleifera leaf powder and lyophilized fruit of M. charantia are benzylamine (96 h LC50: 2.3 ppm) and momordicine (96 h LC50: 1.2 ppm), respectively. Benzylamine and momordicine significantly inhibited, in vivo and in vitro, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP/ALP) activities in the nervous tissues of L. acuminata. Inhibition of AChE, ACP and ALP activity in the nervous tissues of L. acuminata by benzylamine and momordicine may be responsible for the molluscicidal activity of M. oleifera and M. charantia fruits, respectively. .


RESUMO A atividade moluscicida do pó das folhas de Moringa oleifera e do pó liofilizado das frutas da Momordica charantia contra o caramujo Lymnaea acuminata é dependente do tempo e da sua concentração. O pó da folha da M. oleifera (96 h LC50: 197.59 ppm) foi mais tóxico do que o pó liofilizado da fruta da M. charantia (96 h LC50: 318.29 ppm). Os extratos etanólicos do pó de folha da M. oleifera e do pó liofilizado da fruta da M. charantia foram mais tóxicos do que outros extratos orgânicos solventes. O 96 h LC50 da fração purificada por coluna do pó das folhas da M. oleifera foi 22.52 ppm enquanto que o pó liofilizado do fruto da M. charantia foi 6.21 ppm. Coluna, camada fina e a alta performance da análise da cromatografia líquida mostram que os componentes ativos moluscicidas do pó da folha da M. oleifera e do liofiliizado da fruta da M. charantia são a benzilamina (96 h LC50: 22.3 ppm) e a momordicina (96 h LC50: 1.2 ppm), respectivamente. A benzilamina e a momordicina inibiram de maneira significante in vivo e in vitro a acetilcolinesterase (AChE), as atividades das fosfatases alcalina e ácida (ACP/ALP) nos tecidos nervosos da L. acuminata. A inibição da atividade da AChE, ACP e ALP nos tecidos nervosos da L. acuminata pela benzilamina e momordicina podem ser responsáveis pela atividade moluscicida da M. oleifera e dos frutos da M. charantia, respectivamente. .

9.
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine ; (12): 657-662, 2013.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-500513

ABSTRACT

Objective: To assess the molluscicidal and cercariacidal activities of aqueous extracts ofBalanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) against Ethiopian Biomphalaria pfeifferi (B. pfeifferi), Lymnaea natalensis (L. natalensis) and Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) cercariae. Methods:Extracts of seeds, endocarp, mesocarp, and fruit of B. aegyptiaca were tested for their activities against adult B. pfeifferi and L. natalensis. The cercariacidal activity of the seeds of the plant was also evaluated against S. mansoni. Bioassays were carried out following the methods recommended by WHO. Snail mortalities were compared between each plant part and snail species, and LC50 and LC90 values for the plant parts tested were computed. The cercariacidal activity of the plant was assessed by exposing the mice to the cercariae pre-exposed to aqueous extract of B. aegyptiaca seeds. Results:For the molluscicidal activities of seeds, endocarp, mesocarp and whole fruit, the LC50 values against B. pfeifferi were 56.32, 77.53, 65.51 and 66.63 mg/L, respectively, while the respective LC90 values were 77.70, 120.04, 89.50 and 97.55 mg/L. Similarly, the LC50 values for the seeds, endocarp, mesocarp and whole fruit against L. natalensis were 80.33, 92.61, 83.52 and 87.84 mg/L, respectively, while the respective LC90 values were 102.30, 138.21, 115.42 and 127.69 mg/L. B. pfeifferi were found to be more susceptible to B. aegyptiaca than L. natalensis. S. mansoni cercariae exposed to 15 mg/L of extract of seeds were incapable of infecting mice. The mean egg load of tissue was reduced in mice infected with the cercariae exposed to 5 and 10 mg/L of the extract. Conclusions:The aqueous extracts of different parts of B. aegyptiaca exhibited reasonable molluscicidal activity against B. pfeifferi and L. natalensis, as well as cercariacidal activity against S. mansoni cercariae. However, comprehensive laboratory evaluation is recommended prior to field tests of the plant parts since their impact on other aquatic biota is not known.

10.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 54(3): 135-140, May-June 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-625273

ABSTRACT

The molluscicidal activity of Bauhinia variegata leaf and Mimusops elengi bark was studied against vector snail Lymnaea acuminata. The toxicity of both plants was time and concentration-dependent. Among organic extracts, ethanol extracts of both plants were more toxic. Toxicity of B. variegata leaf ethanolic extract (96h LC50- 14.4 mg/L) was more pronounced than M. elengi bark ethanolic extract (96h LC50-15.0 mg/L). The 24h LC50 of column purified fraction of B. variegata and M. elengi bark were 20.3 mg/L and 18.3 mg/L, respectively. Saponin and quercetin were characterized and identified as active molluscicidal component. Co-migration of saponin (Rf 0.48) and quercetin (Rf 0.52) with column purified bark of M. elengi and leaf of B. variegata on thin layer chromatography demonstrate same Rf value i.e. 0.48 and 0.52, respectively. The present study clearly indicates the possibility of using M. elengi and/or B. variegata as potent molluscicide.


A atividade moluscicida das folhas da Bauhinia variegata e da casca do Mimusops elengi foi testada contra o vetor caracol, Limnaea acuminata. A toxicidade de ambas as plantas é dependente do tempo e da concentração. Entre os extratos orgânicos, os extratos de etanol de ambas as plantas foi mais tóxico. A toxicidade do extrato etanólico da folha da B. variegata (96 h LC50 - 14,4 mg/L) foi mais pronunciada do que o extrato etanólico da casca do M. elengi (96h - LC50 - 15,0 mg/L). As frações purificadas em coluna durante 24 h LC50 do B. variegata e da casca do M. elengi foram 20,3 mg/L e 18,3 mg/L, respectivamente. A saponina e a quercentina foram caracterizadas e identificadas como os componentes ativos moluscicidas. A co-migração da saponina (Rf 0,48) e da quercentina (Rf 0,52) com a casca purificada por coluna do M. elengi e as folhas da B. variegata na cromatografia demonstraram o mesmo valor Rf isto é, 0,48 e 0,52 respectivamente. O presente estudo indica claramente a possibilidade de usar M. elengi e/ou B. variegata como moluscicidas potentes.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bauhinia/chemistry , Disease Vectors , Lymnaea/drug effects , Mimusops/chemistry , Molluscacides/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Fascioliasis/transmission , Plant Leaves/chemistry
11.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 107(1): 111-124, Feb. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-612814

ABSTRACT

Freshwater lymnaeid snails are crucial in defining transmission and epidemiology of fascioliasis. In South America, human endemic areas are related to high altitudes in Andean regions. The species Lymnaea diaphana has, however, been involved in low altitude areas of Chile, Argentina and Peru where human infection also occurs. Complete nuclear ribosomal DNA 18S, internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-2 and ITS-1 and fragments of mitochondrial DNA 16S and cytochrome c oxidase (cox)1 genes of L. diaphana specimens from its type locality offered 1,848, 495, 520, 424 and 672 bp long sequences. Comparisons with New and Old World Galba/Fossaria, Palaearctic stagnicolines, Nearctic stagnicolines, Old World Radix and Pseudosuccinea allowed to conclude that (i) L. diaphana shows sequences very different from all other lymnaeids, (ii) each marker allows its differentiation, except cox1 amino acid sequence, and (iii) L. diaphana is not a fossarine lymnaeid, but rather an archaic relict form derived from the oldest North American stagnicoline ancestors. Phylogeny and large genetic distances support the genus Pectinidens as the first stagnicoline representative in the southern hemisphere, including colonization of extreme world regions, as most southern Patagonia, long time ago. The phylogenetic link of L. diaphana with the stagnicoline group may give light to the aforementioned peculiar low altitude epidemiological scenario of fascioliasis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Disease Vectors , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics , Fascioliasis/transmission , Lymnaea/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Chile , Lymnaea/classification , Phylogeny
12.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 53(5): 265-270, Sept.-Oct. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-602362

ABSTRACT

The present work was carried out to evaluate the molluscicidal activity of active ingredient Taraxerol with the acetone extract of Euphorbia tirucalli against Lymnaea acuminata snail. The (fecundity, hatchability and survivability) of snail L. acuminata exposed to this extract was studied. The effects of the tested extracts on life-history traits of harmful snail L. acuminata have also been evaluated, and this study also expounds the inhibitory effects of these extracts singly as well as in binary combination (1:1 ratio). It concluded that these herbal products act as a potential source of molluscicides, and that they would also have the advantage of easy availability, low cost, biodegradability and greater acceptance amongst users than synthetic pesticide.


O presente trabalho foi levado a efeito para avaliar a atividade moluscicida do ingrediente ativo Taraxerol junto com o extrato de acetona da Euphorbia tirucalli contra o caramujo Lymnaea acuminata. Foram estudados a fecundidade, o desenvolvimento e sobrevivência do caramujo Lymnaea acuminata exposto a estes extratos. Os efeitos danosos destes extratos testados na vida do caramujo L. acuminata foram também avaliados e este estudo demonstra os efeitos inibidores destes extratos isolados ou em combinação binária (relação l:1). Concluiu-se que estes produtos vegetais agem como fontes potenciais de moluscicidas e que eles também têm a vantagem de obtenção fácil, baixo custo, biodegradabilidade e maior aceitação entre os usuários do que os pesticidas sintéticos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Euphorbia/chemistry , Lymnaea/drug effects , Molluscacides , Oleanolic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Plant Extracts , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Reproduction/drug effects
13.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 53(5): 271-275, Sept.-Oct. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-602363

ABSTRACT

The effect of sub-lethal feeding of bait formulations containing molluscicidal component of Ferula asafoetida (ferulic acid, umbelliferone), Syzygium aromaticum (eugenol) and Carum carvi (limonene) on biochemical changes in the ovotestis of snail Lymnaea acuminata were studied. Bait formulations feeding to L. acuminata were studied in clear glass aquaria having diameter of 30 cm. Baits were prepared from different binary combinations of attractant amino acid (valine, aspartic acid, lysine and alanine 10 mM) in 100 mL of 2 percent agar solution + sub-lethal (20 percent and 60 percent of 24h LC50) doses of different molluscicides (ferulic acid, umbelliferone, eugenol and limonene). These baits caused maximum significant reduction in free amino acid, protein, DNA, RNA levels i.e. 41.37, 23.56, 48.36 and 14.29 percent of control in the ovotestis of the snail, respectively. Discontinuation of feeding after treatment of 60 percent of 96h LC50 of molluscicide containing bait for next 72h caused a significant recovery in free amino acid, protein, DNA and RNA levels in the ovotestis of L. acuminata.


Foi estudado o efeito subletal das iscas usadas para alimentação contendo componentes moluscicidas de Ferula asafoetida (ácido ferúlico, umbeliferone), Syzygium aromaticum (eugenol) e Carum carvi (limonene) nas alterações bioquímicas do ovoteste do caramujo Lymnaea acuminata. A formulação das iscas usadas para alimentar L. acuminata foi estudada em aquários de vidros transparentes de diâmetro de 30 cm. As iscas foram preparadas por combinações diferentes binárias de aminoácidos (valina, ácido aspártico, lisina e alanina 10 mM) em 100 mL de solução de agar a 2 por cento + doses subletais (20 por cento e 60 por cento durante 24 horas LC50) de diferentes moluscicidas (ácido ferúlico, umbeliferone, eugenol e limonene). Estas iscas causaram redução significante máxima em aminoácidos livres, proteínas, níveis de DNA e RNA isto é 41,37 por cento, 23,56 por cento, 48,36 por cento e 14,29 por cento de controle no ovoteste do caramujo, respectivamente. Discontinuação da alimentação depois do tratamento de 60 por cento de 96 horas de LC50 do moluscicida contendo a isca para as subsequentes 72 horas causou significante recuperação dos níveis de aminoácidos livres, proteína, DNA e RNA no ovoteste da L. acuminata.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Coumaric Acids/pharmacology , Cyclohexenes/pharmacology , Eugenol/pharmacology , Lymnaea/drug effects , Molluscacides/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Terpenes/pharmacology , Amino Acids , DNA , Ovary/drug effects , RNA , Time Factors , Testis/drug effects
14.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 53(2): 101-106, Mar.-Apr. 2011. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-584141

ABSTRACT

The toxic effect of binary and tertiary combinations of Euphorbia hirta Linn latex powder with other plant molluscicidal compounds, were evaluated against the freshwater snails Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus in pond. These combinations showed significant time and dose dependent effect against both the snails. These compounds at higher doses were also lethal to freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) (Channidae {Ophicephalidae}), which shares the habitat with these snails, but the LC90 (24h) doses of snails have no apparent killing properties in fish populations when treated in mixed population of snails and fish.


Os efeitos tóxicos das combinações binárias e terciárias do pó de látex da Euphorbia hirta Linn assim como outros compostos vegetais moluscicidas foram avaliados em sua ação sobre caramujos de água doce Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata e Indoplanorbis exustus em represas. Estas combinações mostraram significante efeito dose e tempo dependente contra ambos os caramujos. Estes compostos em doses altas foram também letais para peixes de água doce Channa punctatus (Bloch) (Channidae {Ophicephalidae}), que compartilham o ambiente com estes caramujos mas a dose LC90 (24h) para caramujos aparentemente não tem propriedade de matar as populações de peixes quando uma população mista de peixes e caramujos são tratadas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Euphorbia/chemistry , Latex , Molluscacides , Plant Extracts , Snails , Disease Vectors , Lymnaea , Latex/isolation & purification , Molluscacides/isolation & purification , Snails/classification
15.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-158089

ABSTRACT

Molluscicidal property of E. alba, B. aegyptiaca, C.quandragularis against the snails Lymnaea acuminata was studied. It was observed that the toxicity of different preparation for molluscs was both time and dose dependent. On the basis of these results it may conclude that, the Ethanolic extract of E.alba may be used for the pest management, however, further animal study is needed to confirm its physiological toxicity.

16.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 18(2): 27-30, Apr.-June 2009. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-606775

ABSTRACT

Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease which is caused by digenetic trematodes, such as Fasciola hepatica, and which occurs worldwide. The disease causes significant economic losses in cattle because of the reduction in milk and meat production and because the parasitized livers have no economic value. Also, abortion and mortality rates increase. To determine the occurrence and dispersal of F. hepatica in the state of Minas Gerais, fecal samples were collected from bovines aged 12 months and older between April 2005 and April 2006. The bovines came from 1,251 rural farms of 120 municipalities/cities in Minas Gerais. Water was collected to ascertain the presence of the intermediate host in the properties where infected bovines were found. A total of 16 municipalities had infected bovines and 13 had the presence of Lymnaea columella. We detected infected bovines in 70 percent of the rural farms visited in the municipality of Itajubá. Itajubá was also found to have infected snails with the larval stage of F. hepatica. The results revealed that infection by F. hepatica in bovines of Minas Gerais was associated with the presence of the intermediate host and favorable epidemiological factors, drawing attention to the necessity of adopting proper control measures in the area.


A fasciolose é uma doença parasitária que ocorre em todo o mundo e é causada por um trematódeo digenético conhecido como Fasciola hepatica. A doença é responsável por causar perdas econômicas significativas em bovinos, devido à diminuição na produção de carne e leite, condenação de fígados parasitados e aumento na mortalidade. Para determinar a ocorrência e a dispersão da F. hepatica no estado de Minas Gerais, amostras de fezes de bovinos com idade superior a 12 meses foram coletadas, no período de Abril de 2005 a Abril de 2006. Foram examinados bovinos provenientes de 1.251 propriedades rurais de 120 municípios do estado de Minas Gerais. Coleções hídricas também foram examinadas, a fim de verificar a presença de hospedeiros intermediários nas propriedades onde foram encontrados bovinos parasitados. Para um total de 16 municípios foi relatada a presença de bovinos infectados por F. hepatica e destes, 13 apresentaram também o molusco Lymnaea columella. Foi possível diagnosticar bovinos infectados em 70 por cento das propriedades visitadas no município de Itajubá. Além disso, no município de Itajubá foi possível detectar a presença de moluscos naturalmente infectados com diferentes estádios larvais de F. hepatica. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de medidas de controle para esta parasitose na área estudada, uma vez que foi possível verificar a presença de bovinos e moluscos infectados por F. hepatica, associada a fatores epidemiológicos favoráveis a dispersão do parasito.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Fascioliasis/veterinary , Brazil/epidemiology , Cattle Diseases/diagnosis , Fascioliasis/diagnosis , Fascioliasis/epidemiology
17.
Rev. colomb. cienc. pecu ; 22(2): 168-177, Junio. 2009. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-559433

ABSTRACT

En Colombia se ha registrado la presencia de Paramphistomidae (Trematoda: Digenea) parasitandoel rumen de bovinos de la costa Caribe, los Llanos Orientales y el suroccidente. En estas publicacionesse menciona la presencia y prevalencia de los paramfistómidos, pero todas carecen de la descripciónmorfológica de los digeneos. El hallazgo de paramfistómidos adultos en el rumen de ejemplaresBos taurus, procedentes del sector Llanogrande, en el municipio de Rionegro, Antioquia, motivó lapresente investigación, con el propósito de describir los diferentes estadíos del parásito y establecerel estatus taxonómico específico. Del rumen de una hembra, Bos taurus, sacrificada en la CentralGanadera del municipio de Medellín, se extrajeron vivos 52 digeneos adultos. En el laboratoriose aislaron huevos que se incubaron hasta la obtención de miracidios. Con ellos se infectaron 50moluscos Lymnaea truncatula. La morfología de los adultos y estadíos larvarios del paramfistómidopermitió determinarlo como Cotylophoron cotylophorum. En L. truncatula se obtuvo una infeccióndel 5.1 %. Con este registro se amplia la distribución geográfica y altitudinal del parásito a la regiónaltoandina, noroccidental de Colombia.


The presence of Paramphistomidae parasites (Trematoda: Digenea) inside the rumen (first stomach) hasbeen recorded in Colombia in cattle from the Caribbean coast, the Eastern Plains region in the east, and thesouthwest of the country. However, studies on the presence and prevalence of the parasite do not include anymorphological description. This study includes research findings from adult Paramphistomidae parasitesin the rumen of Bos taurus specimens from Llanogrande in the municipality of Rionegro, Antioquia. Theaim of this research was to describe all the developmental stages of the parasite and to establish its specifictaxonomical status. 52 live adult parasites were found in the rumen of a female Bos taurus sacrificed inthe slaughter house Central Ganadera of Medellin. Eggs from adults were obtained in the laboratory, andhatching was stimulated to obtain miracidia. 50 Lymnaea truncatula snails were exposed to the miracidia,resulting in an infection rate of 5.1 %. The parasite was identified as Cotylophoron cotylophorum byusing adult morphology and larval stages. This finding expands the parasite’s geographical and altitudinaldistribution to the andean highlands in northwestern Colo.


Na Colômbia tem-se encontrado a presencia de Paramphistomidae (Trematoda: Digenea) parasitandono rúmen de bovinos da costa Caribe, os Llanos Orientales e no sul oeste. Nestas publicações tem-semencionado a presencia e prevalência dos paramfistómidos, mas todas carecem da descrição morfológicados digeneos. Do rúmen de uma fêmea Bos taurus proveniente do município de Rionegro e sacrificadana Central Ganadera do município de Medellín, se extraíram vivos 52 digeneos adultos. No laboratórioforam isolados os ovo e forma obtidos os miracidios. Com eles foram infetados 50 moluscos Lymnaeatruncatula. A morfologia dos adultos e estádios larvários do paramfistómido permitiu determinar-lho comoCotylophoron cotylophorum. Em L. truncatula foi obtido uma infecção de 5.1 %. Com este fato, se ampliaa distribuição geográfica e altitudinal do parasita na região alta dos Andes colombianos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Female , Paramphistomatidae/anatomy & histology , Rumen/parasitology , Cattle/parasitology , Colombia , Paramphistomatidae/classification
18.
Rev. colomb. cienc. pecu ; 21(1): 9-18, mar. 2008. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-559245

ABSTRACT

Algunos Paramphistomidae (Trematoda: Digenea) parasitan el sistema digestivo de rumiantes de importancia económica en el mundo. En Colombia han sido reseñadas dos especies en bovinos de la costa Caribe y de los llanos orientales. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la frecuencia de un paramfistómido en bovinos y caracoles de una hacienda localizada en Rionegro, Antioquia. En ésta se hicieron cuatro muestreos trimestrales entre julio de 2004 y julio de 2005. Se colectaron heces de los vacunos en ordeño para hacer diagnóstico mediante la técnica de Dennis. Los caracoles se capturaron en diversos ecosistemas acuáticos del lugar y su infección fue establecida mediante disección. Los huevos y los estadíos intramolusco del parásito fueron descritos y fotografiados. La frecuencia del paramfistómido fue del 100% en los 71 bovinos evaluados; de estos, el 80% (51 vacunos) presentaron además un fasciólido. Los huevos de ambos digeneos se diferenciaron mediante su coloración y la familia se confirmó mediante la eclosión de los miracidios. Se colectaron 1.146 caracoles determinados como Lymnaea truncatula y 335 determinados como Lymnaea columella, cuyas frecuencias de infección por el paramfistomido fueron 25, 47 y 1.79%, respectivamente. La morfología de los estadíos intramolusco obtenidos fue compatible con las familias Paramphistomidae y Fasciolidae. Este constituye el primer registro de un foco de paramfistomosis bovina en una zona alto andina, al occidente de Colombia, donde se destaca la presencia en simpatría con Fasciola hepatica y de dos especies de moluscos hospedadoras de ambos digéneos. Las frecuencias de infección en los caracoles, sugieren a L. truncatula como hospedador intermediario principal del paramfistómido y a L. columella como hospedador intermediario alterno del mismo...


Some Paramphistomidae (Region Trematoda: Digenea) parasitize the digestive system of economically important ruminants worldwide. Two species of these flukes have been recorded in cattle from the Caribbean Coast and eastern plains of Colombia. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of paramphistomids in both dairy cattle (n = 71) and snails on a dairy farm in Rionegro (Antioquia), located in the western Andes. Four quarterly fecal samples were taken in the farm from July 2004 to July 2005. Faeces were collected from lactating dairy cows for diagnosis by using the Dennis technique. Snails were captured in diverse aquatic ecosystems of the locality and their infection status was confirmed by dissection under stereoscopic exam. The eggs and intra-mollusc stages of the parasite were described and photographed. The frequency of the paramphistomid was 100% in the 71 cows evaluated, of which 51 (80%) also presented fasciolid flukes. Eggs of the two digeneid species were differentiated based on their coloration, and the identity of the family confirmed through eclosion of the miracidia. In all 1146 snails were collected and identified as Lymnaea truncatula and a further 335 as L. columella, whose rates of infection to the paramphistomid were 25, 47 and 1.79% respectively. The morphologies of the intra-mollusc stages obtained were compatible with members of the families Paramphistomidae and Fasciolidae. This constitutes the first record of a focus of bovine paramphistomosis in the high Andean zone of western Colombia. The presence in sympatry of the paramphistomid with Fasciola hepatica is noteworthy, as is the finding of two host snail species for both digeneids. The frequencies of infection in the snails indicate that L. truncatula acts as the principal intermediate host of the paramphistomid and L. columella as its alternate intermediate host. Although the frequency of paramphistomids in the herd was very high, presence of the parasite was unsuspected until the present study...


Alguns Paramphistomidae (Trematoda: Digenea) parasitam o sistema digestivo de ruminantes de importância econômica no mundo. Na Colômbia têm sido identificadas duas espécies em bovinos da Costa Caribe e dos Llanos Orientais Nacionais. Este trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar a freqüência de um paramfistómido em bovinos e caracóis de uma fazenda localizada em Rionegro, Antioquia. Nesta fazenda foram feitas quatro amostragens trimestrais entre julho de 2004 e julho de 2005 coletando fezes de bovinos em ordenho, para fazer o diagnóstico mediante a técnica de Dennis. Os caracóis foram capturados em diversos ecossistemas aquáticos do lugar e sua infecção estabelecida mediante dissecção. Os ovos e os estádios intramolusco do parasito foram descritos e fotografados. A freqüência do paramfistómido foi de 100% nos 71 bovinos avaliados, de estes, o 80% (51 bovinos) apresentaram ademais um fasciólido. Os ovos de ambos digêneos diferenciaram-se mediante sua coloração e a família se confirmou mediante a eclosão dos miracidios. Foram coletados 1.146 caracois catalogados como Lymnaea truncatula e 335 catalogados como Lymnaea columella, cujas freqüências de infeção pelo paramfistomido foram 25, 47 e 1.79%, respectivamente. A morfologia dos estádios intramolusco obtidos foi compatível com as familias Paramphistomidae e Fasciolidae. Isto constitui o primeiro registro de um foco de paramfistomosis bovina numa região alto andina, no ocidente da Colômbia, donde destaca-se a presença em simpatría com Fasciola hepatica e duas espécies de moluscos hospedeiros de ambos digêneos. As freqüências de infecção nos caracóis, sugerem L. truncatula como hospedeiro intermediário principal do paramfistómido e L. columella como hospedeiro intermediário alternativo do mesmo...


Subject(s)
Cattle , Fasciola hepatica , Lymnaea , Paramphistomatidae/isolation & purification
19.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2004. 101 p. ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, ColecionaSUS | ID: biblio-933606

ABSTRACT

Os moluscos do gênero Lymnaea são hospedeiros intermediários da Fasciola hepatica agente etiológico da fasciolose, parasitose de importância médica e veterinária. No Brasil já foram reportadas as espécies L. columella, L. viatrix, L. rupestris, L. cubensis. A identificação morfológica desses moluscos é feita com base na comparação dos caracteres da concha, aparelho genital e sistema renal. Entretanto, essa identificação é dificultada, principalmente, pela semelhança inter-específica dos caracteres morfológicos, além do tamanho reduzido dos exemplares que complica o processo de dissecação e a observação dos caracteres diagnósticos. Com o objetivo de contornar esses problemas, introduzimos a técnica PCR-RFLP (reação em cadeia da polimerase e análise de polimorfismos de tamanho de fragmentos de restrição) direcionada para as regiões ITS2 (espaçadora transcrita interna dois do gene codificador do RNA ribossomal) e 16S (gene mitocondrial RNA ribossomal) como ferramenta auxiliar na identificação dos limneídeos. Foram utilizadas as seguintes espécies: L. columella (Brasil, Guadalupe e Venezuela), L. viatrix (Brasil e Uruguai) L. diaphana (Argentina), L. cubensis (Martinique, Cuba e Guadalupe) e L. truncatula (França)


A técnica da PCR-RFLP direcionada para a região ITS2 com a enzima HaeIII foi a que gerou resultados mais satisfatórios, permitindo separar todas as espécies. A PCR-RFLP mostrou-se uma importante ferramenta taxonômica confirmando a sistemática morfológica clássica de L. columella e L. diaphana. Devido à semelhança morfológica e proximidade genética entre L. viatrix, L. cubensis e L. truncatula, propomos um agrupamento dessas espécies em um complexo denominado complexo Lymnaea truncatula. Utilizando essa técnica, foi possível observar que as populações de Rio Acima (Minas Gerais, Brasil) e de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brasil) apresentaram perfis espécie específicos idênticos, respectivamente, a L. truncatula e a L. cubensis. Este achado representa o primeiro encontro de L. truncatula no Brasil e de L. cubensis em Minas Gerais. Para avaliarmos a variabilidade genética de L. columella, empregamos a técnica RAPD. Neste estudo utilizamos somente L. columella devido a sua grande importância como hospedeira da F. hepatica no Brasil, responsável pela maioria dos focos da fasciolose no país.. A análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) e de similaridade pelos coeficientes de Dice e Jaccard foram os métodos utilizados para estimar a estrutura genética de L. columella. Observamos que essa espécie caracteriza-se por uma heterogeneidade inter-populacional e uma homogeneidade intra-populacional, relacionadas, provavelmente, com o mecanismo reprodutivo (auto-fecundação), ampla distribuição e dinâmica populacional


Subject(s)
Lymnaea , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique
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